Political Problems Of Implementing Proportional Election Systems In Indonesia: From Political Liberalization To Political Party Oligarchies
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 19, 2024
Keywords:
political liberalisation, political oligarchy, elections, proportional electoral system
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the dynamics of implementing the proportional system in Indonesian elections and the political problems arising from doing so. The qualitative approach of the research aims to analyse the application of proportional representation, the role and position of political parties, the electorate and their representatives, and the pattern of relations among these actors. From the political and sociological theory perspective, it is argued that Indonesia has been using proportional representation for its elections since 1955. Both approaches have weaknesses in practice. The weakness of a closed proportional system lies in the dominance of political parties in recruiting and participating in politics, which can lead to oligarchic practices. Political parties exercise considerable power over the selection of nominees. An important issue regarding the closed proportional system is strengthening political liberalisation practices. Overall, the growth of transactional or money politics in party elites and among voters is characteristic of the problem of political liberalisation.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
Acemoglu, D. (2008). Oligarchic Versus Democratic Societies. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.1.1
Alemán, E., Micozzi, J. P., Pinto, P. M., & Saiegh, S. (2021). Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent under Closed-List Proportional Representation. Latin American Politics and Society, 63(2), 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.6
Al-Hamdi, R., Sakir, & Lailam, T. (2021). Evaluating Closed-List Proportional Representation System and its Compatibility in Contemporary Indonesian Election. International Research Conference Proceedings, XV, 43–49.
Amalia, Z. (2018, July 17). Ramai Artis Nyaleg, SMRC: Bisa Dongkrak Popularitas Partai. Detiknews.
Aminah, S., Apriani, T., Pranasari, M. A., Indarti, D. M., & Herlina, M. (2020). The High Political Costs in Local Head Election (Case Study in Indonesia). European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 653–682.
Amrullah, A. (2023, January 8). Pengamat: Sistem Proporsional Tertutup Perkuat Oligarki, Hambat Partisipasi Politik. Republika.Co.Id.
Anjalline, I., Anggraini, R. A. R., & Indrayati, R. (2014). Pengaturan Dana Kampanye Pemilihan Umum Sebagai Tanggung Jawab Calon Anggota Legislatif Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah. E-Journal Lentera Hukum, 1(1), 42–53.
Argawati, U. (2023). Pro-Kontra Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka. Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=19011
Cheibub, J. A., & Sin, G. (2020). Preference vote and intra-party competition in open list PR systems. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819893024
Elyta, & Zulkarnaen. (2016). Political Participation of Border Communities At Sajingan Besar in Election of Representatives Area. Jurnal Borneo Akcaya, 3(2), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.51266/borneoakcaya.v3i2.73
Fink-Hafner, D., & Novak, M. (2022). Party Fragmentation, the Proportional System and Democracy in Slovenia. Political Studies Review, 20(4), 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211059450
Hannan, A., & Busahwi. (2021). Problem Politik Kabinet Koalisi: Konflik Kepentingan Hingga Konflik Internal Partai Politik. Kabilah: Journal of Social Community, 6(2), 1–18.
Jama, S. R. (2021). The Essence of Civil Society in Democracy. JED (Jurnal Etika Demokrasi), 6(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.26618/jed.v6i1.4369
Jati, W. R. (2021). From Rational to Irrational Behaviour: The Shift in Indonesian Voting Behaviour After Reformasi Era. Politica, 12(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v12i1.2319
Kampelman, M. M. (1990). The Rule of Law and Free Elections. World Affairs, 153(1), 13–15.
Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 311–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000161
Kselman, D. M. (2020). Public goods equilibria under closed- and open-list proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 112–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819895808
Kurnianingrum, R. I. (2020). Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia. JPPUMA : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area, 8(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v8i2.3563
Mahendra, K. (2023, May 31). Ramai Para Penolak Sistem Proporsional Tertutup: 8 Fraksi DPR, SBY hingga PSI. Tempo.Co.
Mershon, C. (2020). Challenging the wisdom on preferential proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819892334
Morgan-Jones, E., & Loveless, M. (2023). Early Election Calling and Satisfaction with Democracy. Government and Opposition, 58, 598–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.44
Ni’am, S. (2023, January 8). Kadernya Ajukan Judicial Review Sistem Pemilu, PDI-P: Kami Hormati Apapun Putusan MK. Kompas.Com.
OECD. (2020). Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wavee.
Pratiwi, D. A. (2018). Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Daftar Terbuka di Indonesia: Melahirkan Korupsi Politik? Jurnal Trias Politika, 2(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.33373/jtp.v2i1.1235
Rahma, N. M. (2022). Review Buku Sebuah Pembelajaran Untuk Pemilu yang Akan Datang. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 19(1), 67–72.
Reynolds, A., Reilly, B., Ellis, A., Cheibub, J. A., Cox, K., Lisheng, D., Elklit, J., Gallagher, M., Hicken, A., Huneeus, C., Huskey, E., Larserud, S., Patidar, V., Roberts, N. S., Vengroff, R., & Weldon, J. A. (2016). Desain Sistem Pemilu: Buku Panduan Baru International IDEA. In Perludem. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Ritonga, R. (2013). Normative Judicial Analysis of Dissolution of Political Parties Towards Democratic System in Indonesia. The First International Conference on Law, Business and Government 2013, UBL, Indonesia, 1, 141–146.
Ryan, R. (2022, November 18). Gugat UU ke MK, Kader PDIP-NasDem Mau Pemilu Coblos Partai Bukan Caleg. CNN Indonesia.
Safwan, A. M., Wahidin, S., Nurita, R. F., & Rifandhana, R. F. (2021). Analisis Hukum Asas Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, Jujur, Adil Dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak Tahun 2019. Bhirawa Law Journal, 2(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.26905/blj.v2i2.6825
Syafei, M., & Darajati, M. R. (2020). Design of General Election in Indonesia. Law Reform, 16(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v16i1.30308
Tambunan, D. (2023). The intervention of oligarchy in the Indonesian legislative process. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 8(2), 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231159395
Tanjung, T. (2023). Mengenal Sistim Proporsional Terbuka Di Indonesia Menuju Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2024. BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu, 2(1), 125–133.
Thaheer, M. (2010). Why the Proportional Representation System Fails to Promote Minority Interests? A discussion on contemporary politics and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress. PCD Journal, II(1), 95–118.
Warsudin, D., & Hamid, H. (2022). Implikasi Penerapan Sistem Proporsional Terbuka dalam Pemilihan Umum terhadap Profesionalitas Anggota Legislatif dan Kualitas Kaderisasi Partai Politik Dihubungkan dengan Undang-
Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum. JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humaniora, 9(2), 1104–1114.
Weale, A. (2013). Democratic Justice and the Social Contract. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684649.003.0001
Alemán, E., Micozzi, J. P., Pinto, P. M., & Saiegh, S. (2021). Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent under Closed-List Proportional Representation. Latin American Politics and Society, 63(2), 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.6
Al-Hamdi, R., Sakir, & Lailam, T. (2021). Evaluating Closed-List Proportional Representation System and its Compatibility in Contemporary Indonesian Election. International Research Conference Proceedings, XV, 43–49.
Amalia, Z. (2018, July 17). Ramai Artis Nyaleg, SMRC: Bisa Dongkrak Popularitas Partai. Detiknews.
Aminah, S., Apriani, T., Pranasari, M. A., Indarti, D. M., & Herlina, M. (2020). The High Political Costs in Local Head Election (Case Study in Indonesia). European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 653–682.
Amrullah, A. (2023, January 8). Pengamat: Sistem Proporsional Tertutup Perkuat Oligarki, Hambat Partisipasi Politik. Republika.Co.Id.
Anjalline, I., Anggraini, R. A. R., & Indrayati, R. (2014). Pengaturan Dana Kampanye Pemilihan Umum Sebagai Tanggung Jawab Calon Anggota Legislatif Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah. E-Journal Lentera Hukum, 1(1), 42–53.
Argawati, U. (2023). Pro-Kontra Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka. Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=19011
Cheibub, J. A., & Sin, G. (2020). Preference vote and intra-party competition in open list PR systems. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819893024
Elyta, & Zulkarnaen. (2016). Political Participation of Border Communities At Sajingan Besar in Election of Representatives Area. Jurnal Borneo Akcaya, 3(2), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.51266/borneoakcaya.v3i2.73
Fink-Hafner, D., & Novak, M. (2022). Party Fragmentation, the Proportional System and Democracy in Slovenia. Political Studies Review, 20(4), 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211059450
Hannan, A., & Busahwi. (2021). Problem Politik Kabinet Koalisi: Konflik Kepentingan Hingga Konflik Internal Partai Politik. Kabilah: Journal of Social Community, 6(2), 1–18.
Jama, S. R. (2021). The Essence of Civil Society in Democracy. JED (Jurnal Etika Demokrasi), 6(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.26618/jed.v6i1.4369
Jati, W. R. (2021). From Rational to Irrational Behaviour: The Shift in Indonesian Voting Behaviour After Reformasi Era. Politica, 12(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v12i1.2319
Kampelman, M. M. (1990). The Rule of Law and Free Elections. World Affairs, 153(1), 13–15.
Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 311–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000161
Kselman, D. M. (2020). Public goods equilibria under closed- and open-list proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 112–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819895808
Kurnianingrum, R. I. (2020). Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia. JPPUMA : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area, 8(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v8i2.3563
Mahendra, K. (2023, May 31). Ramai Para Penolak Sistem Proporsional Tertutup: 8 Fraksi DPR, SBY hingga PSI. Tempo.Co.
Mershon, C. (2020). Challenging the wisdom on preferential proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819892334
Morgan-Jones, E., & Loveless, M. (2023). Early Election Calling and Satisfaction with Democracy. Government and Opposition, 58, 598–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.44
Ni’am, S. (2023, January 8). Kadernya Ajukan Judicial Review Sistem Pemilu, PDI-P: Kami Hormati Apapun Putusan MK. Kompas.Com.
OECD. (2020). Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wavee.
Pratiwi, D. A. (2018). Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Daftar Terbuka di Indonesia: Melahirkan Korupsi Politik? Jurnal Trias Politika, 2(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.33373/jtp.v2i1.1235
Rahma, N. M. (2022). Review Buku Sebuah Pembelajaran Untuk Pemilu yang Akan Datang. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 19(1), 67–72.
Reynolds, A., Reilly, B., Ellis, A., Cheibub, J. A., Cox, K., Lisheng, D., Elklit, J., Gallagher, M., Hicken, A., Huneeus, C., Huskey, E., Larserud, S., Patidar, V., Roberts, N. S., Vengroff, R., & Weldon, J. A. (2016). Desain Sistem Pemilu: Buku Panduan Baru International IDEA. In Perludem. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Ritonga, R. (2013). Normative Judicial Analysis of Dissolution of Political Parties Towards Democratic System in Indonesia. The First International Conference on Law, Business and Government 2013, UBL, Indonesia, 1, 141–146.
Ryan, R. (2022, November 18). Gugat UU ke MK, Kader PDIP-NasDem Mau Pemilu Coblos Partai Bukan Caleg. CNN Indonesia.
Safwan, A. M., Wahidin, S., Nurita, R. F., & Rifandhana, R. F. (2021). Analisis Hukum Asas Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, Jujur, Adil Dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak Tahun 2019. Bhirawa Law Journal, 2(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.26905/blj.v2i2.6825
Syafei, M., & Darajati, M. R. (2020). Design of General Election in Indonesia. Law Reform, 16(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v16i1.30308
Tambunan, D. (2023). The intervention of oligarchy in the Indonesian legislative process. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 8(2), 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231159395
Tanjung, T. (2023). Mengenal Sistim Proporsional Terbuka Di Indonesia Menuju Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2024. BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu, 2(1), 125–133.
Thaheer, M. (2010). Why the Proportional Representation System Fails to Promote Minority Interests? A discussion on contemporary politics and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress. PCD Journal, II(1), 95–118.
Warsudin, D., & Hamid, H. (2022). Implikasi Penerapan Sistem Proporsional Terbuka dalam Pemilihan Umum terhadap Profesionalitas Anggota Legislatif dan Kualitas Kaderisasi Partai Politik Dihubungkan dengan Undang-
Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum. JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humaniora, 9(2), 1104–1114.
Weale, A. (2013). Democratic Justice and the Social Contract. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684649.003.0001